ABSTRACT
Background: Chronic hepatitis B virus [HBV] infection is one of the most important health problems worldwide with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. It is a major risk factor for cirrhosis and liver cancer. Currently, Iran is located in the intermediate HBV zone; however, recent studies have provided some evidence indicating an epidemiological change in the country. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HBV in Iran
Methods: A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the studies performed in the past 25 years that have reported the prevalence of HBV infection and its associated factors in the Iranian general population [1990-2014]. Any study assessing and reporting serum Hbs Ag levels was included in this review
Results: After excluding all impertinent studies, 19 eligible studies were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of HBV was 3% [95% CI 2% to 3%]. Its distribution showed that the prevalence of HBV varies in different provinces from 0.87% to 8.86%. The HBV rate was highest in the Golestan [8.86%] and lowest in the Kurdistan [0.87%] provinces
Conclusion: This study provides some evidence about the prevalence of HBV in Iran. However, the collected data was very heterogenic, even within a single province, which made it hard to estimate a single-point prevalence. High quality studies are needed to find reliable information about HBV prevalence and to decrease the heterogeneity of results in the country
Subject(s)
Prevalence , Mortality , PopulationABSTRACT
Ankle sprains are the most common musculoskeletal injuries that occur in athletes all over the world. Ankle sprains can also cause longterm disability such as ankle pain, Functional ankle instability, postural disorders, recurrent ankle sprain and etc. The purpose of this study was to examine prospectively intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for ankle sprains in 125 Iranian athletes that were divided into two groups: Healthy and Injured groups. Ankle range of motions, Achilles Tendon's flexibility and Calf's size were measured and related questionnaire was completed. Ankle sprains were more common in soccer, basketball and volleyball than other sports. Severe ankle inversion was the most common [94/4%] mechanism of ankle sprain. Fatigue, not warming up, improper landing, ankle rotations were expressed by the athletes as the main reasons causing their ankle sprains. There were no significant differences between ages, weight, height, training sessions, playing surfaces, foot wears and ankle sprains. Most interestingly was the significant relation between balance training and ankle sprain prevention. [P value = 0.00574]. The intrinsic factors such as fatigue, not warming up, improper landing were most common risk factors for ankle sprain in Iranian athletes. One of the main findings of the present study was the positive role of balance training as a key factor in prevention of ankle sprains.
ABSTRACT
Anti Pycnocycla spinosa var. Spinosa aerial parts were collected at different times of the day, and weekly for two growing seasons [May- September]. Uniformly dried samples were hydrodistilled and analyzed for essential oil content of B-citronellol and citronellyl pentanoate. The results showed that the content of beta citronellol in the essential oil of the aerial part in different season varied 1.0-10.7%, and of citronellyl pentanoate did 0.0- 18.6. Plant harversted between 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. provided essential oil with high beta-citronellol and citronellyl pentanoate, 8.1 and 18.2% respectively. Data obtained from seasonal study showed that the best time to obtain beta-citronellol and citronellol pentanoate is end of the spring and summer
Subject(s)
Plants , SeasonsABSTRACT
The hydrodistilled aerial parts oil of Pycnocycla spinosa var. spinosa was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty three components were identified. Geranyl isovalerate [14.9%], caryophyllene oxide [10.6%], alpha -eudesmol [9.2%]